{"id":7083,"date":"2017-02-16T22:11:40","date_gmt":"2017-02-16T21:11:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=7083"},"modified":"2025-09-18T12:54:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-18T10:54:30","slug":"is-the-mangbetu-boy-just-beautiful","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=7083","title":{"rendered":"Is the Mangbetu Boy just Beautiful? (EX)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"page\" class=\"hfeed site\">\n<header id=\"masthead\" class=\"site-header\"><strong><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"by-author\"><span class=\"author vcard\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=7000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link to Original Text: \u00a0\u00a0 13 february 2017<br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A Glimpse of Mangbetu Life<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><!--more--><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8503.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7011 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8503-270x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8503-270x360.jpg 270w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8503-675x900.jpg 675w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8503-624x832.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8503.jpg 825w\" alt=\"Mangbetu Boy IMG_8503\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The Mangbetu are famous because of their style in architecture, furniture, weapons and tools, their well-known harps, decorated bark cloth, adornments, body-painting, skull deformation and extension of the eyelids, music and dancing on representative festivals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> For a long time in the woody region , the Mangbetu had impressed the German researcher Georg Schweinfurth in 1870\u00a0 with their fifty-meter-wide audience hall.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> How they got along with the Arabs from the Sudan and the Sansibar coast, I do not know yet.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> In any case, they lost their power to the aggressive Azande from the north-west.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Later the relations became so close that they exchanged their artists.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> The figures are rare and made of light wood.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The style is characterized by the beauty ideal of the aristocracy and their sense of decor.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Even their homes were painted with geometric motifs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>(<\/em>According to: <strong>Kerchache \/ Paudrat \/ Stephan:<\/strong><em><strong> Die Kunst des schwarzen Afrika,<\/strong> Herder 1989, p.581<\/em> )<\/span> <span id=\"more-7000\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> My interest is the long twilight of ancient <em>African<\/em> art, just as one could call an <em>old European<\/em> .<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> They are still found in the <em>village<\/em> without electricity and traffic, but especially at the edges of the respective Megapolis, such as <em>Kinshasa.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> There are also new <em>African artists&#8216;<\/em> careers: you just have to make some culinary tradition!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7025\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schmalenbach-Mangbetu-Ausschnitt.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-7025\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schmalenbach-Mangbetu-Ausschnitt-170x150.jpg\" alt=\"Schmalenbach \/ Barbier-Mueller, cat.190 neckline\" width=\"170\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> Schmalenbach \/ Barbier-Mueller, cat.190 neckline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <strong>Werner Schmalenbach<\/strong> already published 1988 <strong><em>African art<\/em> <em>from the<\/em> <em>collection<\/em> <em>Barbier-Mueller<\/em><\/strong> , Geneva (no.190) a <em>male figure of mangbetu (61 cm).<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> It has it in itself.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> And I find in 2017 on the market a, felt, half as big (41 cm) male figure, which did <u>not<\/u> succeed.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Would it have landed up with me?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> It is perfectly typical.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> A boy of irreproachable attitude, with crossed cross and a special gesture of the left hand<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8500_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7004 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8500_2-415x900.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 239px) 100vw, 239px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8500_2-415x900.jpg 415w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8500_2-166x360.jpg 166w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8500_2.jpg 507w\" alt=\"Mangbetu Boy IMG_8500_2\" width=\"239\" height=\"517\" \/><\/a><\/span><em><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-7006\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032-258x360.jpg\" alt=\"Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032\" width=\"331\" height=\"462\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032-258x360.jpg 258w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032-644x900.jpg 644w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032-624x871.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Mann-IMG_8032.jpg 787w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> Let us compare:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> The two heads:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; round giant ears &#8211; both figures<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; skull deformation by overhead plastering &#8211; also both<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; the nice pout &#8211; the other&#8217;s is more extreme<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; the snub nose with the visible nostrils &#8211; the other&#8217;s are bigger<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; a tattoo from ear to ear &#8211; not so nicely blackened<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; the straight neck &#8211; of course, the other&#8217;s is longer<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8211; interesting: almond eyes instead of eyes made of glass beads, which are imported from the East.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Almond eyes are said to result from the formation of the skull and have been part of the beauty norm of the Mangbetu<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> Let us compare the bodies:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; narrow round shoulders &#8211; both<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8211; geometric lines: broadly carved in notches instead branding <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">which comes closer to the effect of body painting, <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">plus additional diagonals,<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0&#8211; delicate protruding navel and hollow cross<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211;\u00a0 delicate penus, both &#8211; but with the &#8218;child &#8218;the scrotum is bigger<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8211; the buttocks <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">of my figure <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">are less pointed<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> The legs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; the legs not so extravagant, but in their brevity more &#8218;African&#8216;, especially the thickening at the knees\u00a0 more\u00a0 &#8217;naturalistic&#8216;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; the same applies to the feet, which seem to have been specially &#8218;reinvented&#8216; for the figure shown by\u00a0 Schmalenbach<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> &#8211; As far as the length of the figure is concerned, it corresponds to the ideal of the dominant peoples from the east: Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania, also the Mangbetu?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> In both cases, the patina shines &#8218;brown-yellow&#8216; (Schmalenbach), but the color-intensive image of the picture book can hardly be compared with the real figure, which in the open air already has a strikingly lighter tint.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> And the Schmalenbach figure is strikingly fresh, except for a few lost toes.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> After all.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> I would have expected her to have gone directly from the workshop to Europe.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> The accompanying text of EC (Enrico Castelli) appears conspicuously reserved for what is offered here:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>Figures are rare in Mangbetu.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> From the <em>careful design<\/em> he <em>concludes<\/em> : <em>destined for the nobility.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>But their precise function is unknown.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>The highly prominent existing eyes and the angular arrangement of the limbs<\/em> are <em>not typical<\/em> for Mangbetu <em><strong>,<\/strong><\/em> but there is <em>a harp<\/em> in the Rietberg Museum which <em>suggested<\/em> that <em>both objects<\/em> are of<em> the same artist or at least the same workshop.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8211; Had the collector Mueller or his heirs nothing to contribute to the provenience of their figure even though they founded a renowned museum in Geneva?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\">Happened something like\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> a &#8220; <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/translate.googleusercontent.com\/translate_c?depth=1&amp;hl=en&amp;rurl=translate.google.com&amp;sl=de&amp;sp=nmt4&amp;tl=en&amp;u=http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/%3Fp%3D6743&amp;usg=ALkJrhgle2A2C8MI9Rzk-CRQ-yG20WKOMA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Run&#8220; of European collectors<\/a> to certain artists of <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">the Pende tribe (Katundu&#8220; style) <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">I have read of<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> After all, the mangbetu <em>harps<\/em> have been legendary for so long a time!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<h3><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> I have found three more figures, two women &#8211; one already acquired in 1910 &#8211; and another boy, all less eccentric. <\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/AfricanReflections-7.15_Mangbetu-Frau.j.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-7010\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/AfricanReflections-7.15_Mangbetu-Frau.j-255x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/AfricanReflections-7.15_Mangbetu-Frau.j-255x360.jpg 255w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/AfricanReflections-7.15_Mangbetu-Frau.j-636x900.jpg 636w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/AfricanReflections-7.15_Mangbetu-Frau.j-624x882.jpg 624w\" alt=\"AfricanReflections - 7.15_Mangbetu-Frau.j\" width=\"318\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-16-Matubani.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7022\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-16-Matubani-240x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-16-Matubani-240x360.jpg 240w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-16-Matubani-600x900.jpg 600w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-16-Matubani-624x936.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-16-Matubani.jpg 824w\" alt=\"Schildkrout 7-16 Matubani\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> Schildkrout ill.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> 7-15 and 7-16 Matubani<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> <strong>Enid Schildkrout and Curtis A.Keim: <em>African Reflections &#8211; Art from Nordeastern Zaire<\/em><\/strong> (1990)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\">They show in the <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">chapter <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"><em>The Art of Adornment<\/em> a female figure of 43 cm height (collected in 1910) (ill 7.15).<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The face has similar plain shapes. And the sculpture has a similar aura.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> She is just as relaxed as the woman in the field photo (ill.7.16), which is being painted by girlfriends.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>Matubani<\/em>, an impressive woman from the <em>ruling class in Okondo&#8217;s village<\/em> (1910) could have stood model for it, just not for the idealized breasts.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> In West Africa, by the way, we know such portraits of Dan and Baule women.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The apron would be perfect for the boy figure too.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The chapter provides an illustration (7.22; Azande) that it<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> belonged to traditional men&#8217;s wear.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">We also learn by the text that it was collected in 1911-12, that the belt contains amulets and medicines, and that the &#8218;man&#8216; carries a simple hat of basket-braid.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">That&#8217;s all.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7023\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7023\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-192x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7-192x360.jpg 192w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Schildkrout-7.jpg 479w\" alt=\"Ill. 7.22 Azande 58 cm\" width=\"267\" height=\"501\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> Ill.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> 7.22 Azande 58 cm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8499_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7003\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8499_2-167x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8499_2-167x360.jpg 167w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8499_2-419x900.jpg 419w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Boy-IMG_8499_2.jpg 507w\" alt=\"Mangbetu Boy IMG_8499_2\" width=\"234\" height=\"504\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> About body drawing<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>Mangbetu women of the ruling class painted their bodies with &#8218;bianga&#8216;, a black juice extracted from the gardenia plant.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>The patterns were mainly geometric, like stars, crosses, dots and solid lines.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>New patterns were particularly admired.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> (commentary on 7.16)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\">The third figure, found\u00a0 in the art book <strong>&#8222;Umbangu&#8220;<\/strong> from the late colonial period.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Text-zu-Mangbetu-_Umbangu-IMG_8186.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-7015\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Text-zu-Mangbetu-_Umbangu-IMG_8186-270x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Text-zu-Mangbetu-_Umbangu-IMG_8186-270x360.jpg 270w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Text-zu-Mangbetu-_Umbangu-IMG_8186-675x900.jpg 675w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Text-zu-Mangbetu-_Umbangu-IMG_8186-624x832.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Text-zu-Mangbetu-_Umbangu-IMG_8186.jpg 825w\" alt=\"Text to Mangbetu _Umbangu-IMG_8186\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a> <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Frau_Umbangu-IMG_8181.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7014\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Frau_Umbangu-IMG_8181-246x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 246px) 100vw, 246px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Frau_Umbangu-IMG_8181-246x360.jpg 246w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Frau_Umbangu-IMG_8181-614x900.jpg 614w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Frau_Umbangu-IMG_8181-624x914.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu-Frau_Umbangu-IMG_8181.jpg 751w\" alt=\"Mangbetu-Woman_Umbangu-IMG_8181\" width=\"246\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> <em>(2x Click to enlarge!)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> On Plate 46 <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">of the representative collection is shown <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">the <em>Standing Woman Mangbetu<\/em> , 47 cm (1955).<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The text &#8211; I try the translation with a Langenscheidt-Dutch-German dictionary &#8211; seems to be formulated in an &#8218;ur-Flemish&#8216; idiom, which Wallons and other &#8218;foreigners&#8216; should under no circumstances understand.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Why else did they not add French or at least the neutral English?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>The simple light-styled &#8218;body sculpture&#8216; of this portrait is on the line of Mangbetu sculpture.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>Asforest-dwellers and with a\u00a0 political structure<\/em> <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"><em>similar <\/em><\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"><em>to the Zande-states, the Mangbetu had<\/em> <em>a special predilection for &#8222;ornamentation&#8220; among their various, also figurative forms.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>The free-standing sculpture was, however, less common.<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"notranslate\"><em>Figurines one meets at extraordinary<\/em> (?) <em>occasions during assemblies;<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>Even the explorers who took the first contact &#8230;.<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"notranslate\"><em>did not mention these pictures, in contrast to the applied arts, of which numerous productions were described in detail.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> <em>The brake up of the old political structures and the accompanying phenomena of cultural decline\u00a0 implied deep changes in the &#8222;artistic&#8220;<\/em> (why are quotation marks here?) <em>direction of the mangbetu and the related groups.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>S<\/em><\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"><em>oon after the beginning of <\/em><\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"><em>European influence outside the Mangbetu &#8230;, which stood apart, an export art by strangers<\/em> (came into being(?) ) <em>occupied mainly by Boa.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>However, this portrait sculpture clearly shows the characteristics of the good traditional sculpture of Mangbetu.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>The curious curvilinear drawings represent the still customary painting of the body with the juice of an euphorbicea. Related motifs are also found in the widely used graphics on textiles &#8230; <\/em>&#8222;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\">To resume the result of our experimental deciphering: the esthetic judgment remains general, except mentioning of body painting.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Has the author considered the sculpture only in terms of a naturalistic rendering of physical beauty norms of mangbetu, as a small-scale model?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> As a folkloric &#8218;costume doll&#8216;?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\">That travelers like Georg Schweinfurth around 1870 did not see figures or considered them as insignificant, is interesting.<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> About the social context we don&#8217;t get any information &#8211; a<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">nd at the end of the colonial era.<\/span>\u00a0 We read <span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8222;Belgium&#8217;s art&#8220;\u00a0 on the front page.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> On the exotic bent wooden glove <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">&#8222;Umbangu&#8220; <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">is\u00a0 emblazoned in big letters .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> The figure of a boy and the limits of gender<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> I have not yet seen a figure of an adult Mangbetu.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Illustrations in old travel reports, however, suggest impressive ruling figures with corresponding attributes.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The picture captions cited so far seem to blur the difference.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> The boy&#8217;s sex is of early Hellenic grace.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Even the high-rise figure of a young man at Schmalenbach (above, cat. 190) shows only an decently small erection of the penus.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> The face is undoubtedly childlike: from the big ears to the little snub nose, to the soft, slightly open mouth, which shows eight tiny incisors, like the head of the clay-jug at Kercheche-Paudrat (look picture on the bottom of the text). <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">Since I do not know about a spiritual meaning of the large undifferentiated ears, they remind me of the photo showing a Mangbetu baby with big ears.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The narrow sprotruding bean eyes are, incidentally, a secondary effect of the constriction of the child&#8217;s skull, and were thus judged to be &#8218;beautiful&#8216;.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> Above all, the aesthetic blurring of <em>gender<\/em> borders irritates: Would the boy become a<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8218;real man&#8216;?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> His features still correspond more to those of <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">beautiful girls and women,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> even to the details of stylization!<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Schmalenbach&#8217;s youth shows at least some power posing: &#8218;Thumbs at your trouser seams!&#8216;\u00a0 &#8211; but his body drawing is extremely playful.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Mom or Aunt must have <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">put <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> his patience <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">by long painting\u00a0 to the test!<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">On my sculpture it <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">is\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> restricted to a few conspicuous right-angled lines &#8211; double drawn forward<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Would that have been also fashionable\u00a0 for the Mangbetu woman?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> I leave the answer to you.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> The boy&#8217;s attitude is serious, but it signals a\u00a0 attitude of <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">patient <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">expectation.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> His left hand, like the woman&#8217;s from the &#8218;Umbango&#8216; portfolio, rests on the buttock.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> He stands firmly on his carefully grooved feet.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> I wonder about the energy in the figure.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> It seems to be concentrated in it.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> &#8211; Thus, young initiates look like on field photos.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Could this be an approach for interpretation, that is, the transition from the sphere of women and children to that of men?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Did such figures relate to the initiation?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Were young initiates decorated by their female relatives?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">And the gesture,\u00a0 had it is meaning in this context?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> A Tourist Cultural Contact 1931<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu_Terracotta-m-IMG_8392.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-7039\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu_Terracotta-m-IMG_8392-259x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu_Terracotta-m-IMG_8392-259x360.jpg 259w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu_Terracotta-m-IMG_8392-649x900.jpg 649w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu_Terracotta-m-IMG_8392-624x866.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Mangbetu_Terracotta-m-IMG_8392.jpg 792w\" alt=\"Mangbetu_Terracotta m IMG_8392\" width=\"259\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a> <span class=\"notranslate\"> In 1931, two friends, the insect researcher Jiri Baum and the sculptor Vladimir Foit from Prague, crossed Africa from north to south in a car.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> They spent ten days in the village of the chief Ekibondo with his few hundred Mangbetu.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Foit was supposed to model folk types for Prague&#8217;s Anthropological Museum.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> A &#8222;potter-widow&#8220; gave them clay, but two young, totally unsophisticated men were introducing themselves as &#8218;local potters&#8216;.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Baum and Foit wondered about the poor craftmanship of the highly praised Mangbetu, but did not understand.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">People laughed at them.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Women traditionally made pottery, different from the neighboring Azande villages.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">Later, in another village, Foit bought two clay figures in an open market in front of the government building: <em>standing man and sitting women<\/em>.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>The local seller offered to the tourists couples, which he had in several copies.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <em>These pottery figures reflected in style Mangbetu wooden sculptures<\/em>.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The objects ware so fragile that they were copied in Prague, in plaster.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> That is the story <strong>Joseph Kandert<\/strong> told in <strong>&#8220; <em>The Cultural Contact in the Mangbetu Forest&#8220;<\/em><\/strong> , a contribution to the publication in honor of the 70th birthday of Armand Duch\u00e2teau<em>: Faszination der Kulturen<\/em> (Reimer Verlag 2001, p.147-154). I adressed an eMail to his actual czech university address but did&#8217;nt get an answer.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<h3><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> What can authentic &#8218;<em>Mangbetu wooden sculptures&#8216;<\/em> can mean?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> When Kandert writes: <em>These clay figures reflected stylistically wooden figures of Mangbetu<\/em> , I would like to know what he knows about them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> Finally, an author even claims &#8211; I&#8217;ll find the text again &#8211;\u00a0 that the famous &#8218;anthropomorphic&#8216;<\/span> <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Kerchache-Paudrat-653-654-Mangbetu.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-7019\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Kerchache-Paudrat-653-654-Mangbetu-209x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Kerchache-Paudrat-653-654-Mangbetu-209x360.jpg 209w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Kerchache-Paudrat-653-654-Mangbetu.jpg 479w\" alt=\"Kerchache-Paudrat-653, 654-Mangbetu\" width=\"209\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Jugs in the form of women&#8217;s heads were a clever business idea in the colonial era.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Previously Mangbetu had been content with such jugs in geometric decor.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The business idea may be true or not, these jars have become an esteemed feature of the Mangbetu in the world.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\">And as they embody the aesthetic ideal of mangbetu, it is no wonder that they are found not only in collections and galleries, but also in large museums , and so also in <strong>Kerchache<\/strong> <strong>and Paudrat<\/strong> &#8217;s Standard Work on <em><strong>Die Kunst des schwarzen Kontinents <\/strong><\/em>( German Edition: Herder 1989, no. 653).<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> <strong>&gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<span class=\"notranslate\">Authentic?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> What are the possible applications?<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> Naturally, such as in the context of protection, promotion of birth, healing, etc., in the house or in the luggage of a magician, but as is known,\u00a0 figures are not necessary<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> In the context of initiation, for example to teach (e.g. Lega)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> In memory of deceased who have passed into the spirit world &#8211; Is the boy perhaps dead? (e.g. twins&#8216; statuettes Yoruba)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> As part of a group in the context of a family treasure, which is publicly displayed at certain times &#8211; representation (e.g. Igbo)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> Gift to courtiers and distinguished guests of the prince<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Souvenir for travellers<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_7069\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.185.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7069\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.185-183x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 183px) 100vw, 183px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.185-183x360.jpg 183w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.185-458x900.jpg 458w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.185.jpg 560w\" alt=\"L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.fig.185 Detail\" width=\"183\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> L.Meyer-B.-Mueller.fig.185 Detail<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\"> This artful handle of a particularly refined five-string bow-horn from the Museum Barbier-Mueller, Geneva (Laure Meyer: Schwarzafrika 1992, Fig.185)\u00a0 represents the wide field of prestigious &#8218;everyday objects&#8216;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\">It shows stylistically typical details we know from the statuettes of the youths:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\"> Snub nose, big round ears, and a slightly open mouth with full lips, shovel hands, big feet and finally an elaborate radical geometrical body drawing, burnt in like the figure from Barbier-Mueller. <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">Did these both objects come from the same workshop?<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The two museum publications do not provide any information on the acquisition.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <strong>William Rubin<\/strong> ( <em>Primitivism<\/em> , p.316) mentions &#8222;the omnipresence of modern and indigenous musical instruments in the cubist studios&#8220; as early as 1911, because of the beauty of their abstract and lyrical forms.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> The Swiss art collector <strong>Josef M\u00fcller<\/strong> was <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">since the end of the Twenties <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">in Paris <\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">&#8222;one of the most important collectors of African art&#8220;<\/span><span class=\"notranslate\">.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> He united the fields of Classical Modernism and African and Oceanic Art ( <strong>Schmalenbach,<\/strong> op. p. 8) in the sense of the prevailing &#8218;Primitivism&#8216;.<\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> (William Rubin). He was a typical representative of the Paris art milieu, as far as\u00a0 artistic sense and sources of supply were concerned.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">14.6.17<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Familenfoto von Rolf Italiaander in seinem Reisebuch &#8222;Vom Urwald in die W\u00fcste&#8220;, erschienen 1955.\u00a0 Wer sich respektiert, pflegt die \u00e4sthetische Tradition:<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Italiaander-Vom-U..jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7763\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Italiaander-Vom-U.-687x900.jpg\" alt=\"Italiaander Vom U.\" width=\"534\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Italiaander-Vom-U.-687x900.jpg 687w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Italiaander-Vom-U.-275x360.jpg 275w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Italiaander-Vom-U.-624x818.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Italiaander-Vom-U..jpg 693w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<p><strong>14.9.2017<\/strong> :\u00a0 <strong>Marc L. Felix: 100 Peoples of Zaire and their Sculpture<\/strong> 1987, 99 showed a couple of similar figures (no.1 and 2) and wrote:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Mangbetu art in general is court-oriented, and was reserved for the ruling classes. Ir reflected the power, wealth, and prestige of its owners, and seems to be relatively secular rather than magico-religious. <strong>The few examples of 19. c. sculpture were found around the neighbouring Abarambo and the possibility of European influence on Mangbetu art productin is not to be discarded.<\/strong> A whole series of pieces were made to satisfy the New York Museum of Natural History\u00a0 expedition in 1910. Pieces we know we can ascribe to the Mangbetu are: figures purported to be representations of ancestors, either couples or single; &#8230;&#8220;<\/p>\n<footer class=\"entry-meta\"><\/footer>\n<div id=\"comments\" class=\"comments-area\">\n<div id=\"respond\" class=\"comment-respond\">\n<h3 id=\"reply-title\" class=\"comment-reply-title\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"comment-reply-title\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"comment-reply-title\"><span class=\"notranslate\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Leave a Reply <small><\/small><\/span><\/h3>\n<form id=\"commentform\" class=\"comment-form\" action=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-comments-post.php\" method=\"post\">\n<p class=\"comment-notes\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <span id=\"email-notes\">Your email address will not be published.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"notranslate\"> Required fields are marked <span class=\"required\">*<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"comment-form-comment\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <label for=\"comment\">comment<\/label><\/span> <textarea id=\"comment\" cols=\"45\" maxlength=\"65525\" name=\"comment\" required=\"required\" rows=\"8\"><\/textarea><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"comment-form-author\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <label for=\"author\">Name <span class=\"required\">*<\/span><\/label><\/span> <input id=\"author\" maxlength=\"245\" name=\"author\" required=\"required\" size=\"30\" type=\"text\" value=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"comment-form-email\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <label for=\"email\">E-mail address <span class=\"required\">*<\/span><\/label><\/span> <input id=\"email\" maxlength=\"100\" name=\"email\" required=\"required\" size=\"30\" type=\"text\" value=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"comment-form-url\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"notranslate\"> <label for=\"url\">Website<\/label><\/span> <input id=\"url\" maxlength=\"200\" name=\"url\" size=\"30\" type=\"text\" value=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"primary\" class=\"site-content\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Link to Original Text: \u00a0\u00a0 13 february 2017 A Glimpse of Mangbetu Life<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212,206,213],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-der-weite-norden-zentralafrikas","category-translations-traductions","category-vom-lomami-und-kongo-nach-sansibar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7083"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7083\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16443,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7083\/revisions\/16443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}