{"id":12404,"date":"2021-02-28T22:42:03","date_gmt":"2021-02-28T21:42:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=12404"},"modified":"2022-02-15T23:27:54","modified_gmt":"2022-02-15T22:27:54","slug":"my-special-duala-war-canoe-model-2-3-acquisition-etc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=12404","title":{"rendered":"My Special Duala War Canoe Model &#8211; (E 1.2)+(1.3) Acquisition etc."},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">For wider distribution,\u00a0 parts (2) and (3) of my first attempt a year ago are now available in English.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">I&#8217;m currently working on a sequel with additional sources and a slightly different perspective, but the earlier texts retain their introductory value.<\/span> <\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">v.Graeve February 26, 2021<\/span><\/span> <\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In the original versions, a short history of the Douala in Cameroon &#8211; in <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">the original German version <\/span><\/span><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span title=\"\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=11749\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LINK <\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\"> and the French version <\/span><\/span><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span title=\"\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=11099\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LINK <\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> &#8211; touches as part (1) on very different aspects: the natural conditions, the geopolitical situation since 1500, the economy of the Doula, the status of slaves, the history of<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">colonization on the banks of the Wouri, the role of white merchants, missionaries and representatives of the colonial power since 1884, the consequences of Christianization and the post-colonial situation.\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">I try to maintain the equidistance of the historian without getting involved in the conflict of ideological parties.<\/span> <\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 class=\"entry-content\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">MY FIRST IMPRESSION<\/span> <\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"entry-content\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">The one-meter-long boat miniature, you see in front of a white wall on a long trip to an unknown destination, is really complex,<\/span><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\"> a two-part composition made up of many wooden pieces,\u00a0 and it is about a hundred years old.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">The rear half represents a canoe (pirogue) &#8211; indispensable means of transport in the Wouri delta &#8211;\u00a0 the front half recalls an ornamental beak attached to it during war, trade, and festive boat races<\/span>. B<span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">ut in this miniature it is extremely enlarged and \u201dbaroque&#8220; in its symbolism.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"7\">I am looking everywhere for a similar model, so far<span style=\"color: #333333;\"> without success.*<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 * <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">THIS WAS RIGHT TILL JANUARY 2021.\u00a0 <span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">I AM WORKING ON THE SEQUEL!<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Boot-Hof-IMG_4962.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-11235\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Boot-Hof-IMG_4962-900x478.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Boot-Hof-IMG_4962-900x478.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Boot-Hof-IMG_4962-360x191.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Boot-Hof-IMG_4962-624x331.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Boot-Hof-IMG_4962.jpg 1000w\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"332\" \/><\/a><\/h4>\n<h3><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">STARTING POINT <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"post-11697\" class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">\u201cDouala in the Wouri Delta,\u201d the merchant said, a persistent but patient and efficient young man from Brussels, whom we call Maurice. Back home, I received a first orientation from Maria Kecsk\u00e9si: \u201cKunst aus Afrika\u201d, Prestel 1999: <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">\u201c<em>On festive occasions, boat parades and regattas took place &#8211; and continue to this day. For such festivities, the ships were (and are) decorated with long artistically carved beaks (tange) inspired by the figureheads of European merchant ships. The tange are rich in figures and decor and painted in bright colors. They use motifs from the lost traditional art of Douala. At the same time, many details testify to the intensity of the foreign influence.<\/em> \u201d (p.90, Translation) <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The &#8222;Museum 5 Kontinente&#8220; in Munich has two carefully crafted beaks once owned by two rival noble clans; one beak was captured in an act of war in Douala in 1884\u00a0 at <em>Hickorytown<\/em> from\u00a0 <em>King Lock Priso<\/em>, the other was purchased in 1889 from <em>King Bell<\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Then I search the keyword &#8222;<em>Duala people<\/em>&#8220; in &#8222;<em>en.wikipedia.com<\/em>&#8220; with historical and cultural information, with photos and other links. There\u00a0 I come across a very successful &#8222;canoe model with rowers from the colonial period between 1885 and 1914&#8243; in the Tropenmuseum Amsterdam, which is presented in English (_TROPENMUSEUM_TMnr_6153-1a-1). I &#8218;ll see still more of them, for example in the Hanover catalogue \u201cheikles erbe&#8220; (=sensitive heritage). But this realistic model, reduced to five feet (1,50m), showing imperious colonial officers and the flag of the Deutsches Reich above the rowers, looks as if been manufactured only to special order for Europe. The Hanover &#8222;Heikles Erbe&#8220; catalog confirms the hypothesis for its models.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_11247\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11247\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-900x269.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-900x269.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-360x108.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-624x187.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell.jpg 999w\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"187\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11247\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cHeikles Erbe\u201d no.147 Modell<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"AxqVh\">\n<div class=\"OPPzxe\">\n<div class=\"QFw9Te BLojaf\">\n<div class=\"AxqVh\">\n<div class=\"OPPzxe\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ZTPlmc\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"nidPne\">\n<div data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"scLCMd\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">A Beautiful Legend Arrives from Cameroon<\/span> <\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">Maurice quickly responds to my request to repeat his explanations in French, which I had only half understood.<\/span> <\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">Em<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">ail November 14, 2019:<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"nidPne\">\n<h4 data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The inhabitants of the Wouri River made a living from fishing before and after their discovery by the Germans. The villagers experienced the arrival of the Germans in a large canoe, they made this canoe in memory of this discovery, because they had never seen a boat that was &#8222;dressed&#8220; like the one in the photo. The canoe carries men in the moment of piloting. The first profile on the canoe symbolizes the first church built by the Germans. The Sawa people are 90% Christian and Sawa (Duala) are 90% Christian to this day. This is how the canoe comes into play among the Sawa Douala in Cameroon. <\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">(Translation)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The arrival of the Germans and their first church with resounding success of their mission &#8211; what a wonderful legend! In any case, it motivates me to study the history of Cameroon. Maybe the caption should flatter the potential buyer. Maurice knows his German clients. When he announced his departure for Cameroon a few weeks earlier, I assumed he was trying to speed up my decision. But as I see from his emails, he&#8217;s really arrived there. My good luck! I ask by email and get a response: \u201c<em>The canoe comes from the Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8 chiefdom (\u2026 ..); the canoe remains to this day the only means of public transport between the village Dj\u00e9bal\u00e9 and the city of Douala across the Wouri river. Djebale Island was discovered by the Germans in 1800.<\/em> (\u2026.) <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">&#8222;Do you know Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8?&#8220; (Jebal\u00e9)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Bmcqed\">\n<h4 data-id=\"kvLWu\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Shortly after, I find <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">online <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">a report\u00a0 by Josiane Kouagheu under keyword &#8222;Djebal\u00e9&#8220;. She wrote on her blog in 2014: <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>&#8222;Do you know Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8? Ask this question to 100 Cameroonians, 98 will answer: &#8222;Uh, which district is it? &#8222;. Others will say to you: &#8222;Oh yes is that the little village somewhere there? &#8222;. Somewhere there no more. This is how they talk about the island of Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8, an expanse of land in the Wouri, one of the largest rivers in Cameroon. (\u2026) How could they have forgotten such a village? One would be tempted to ask. That is, the island has not seen any development since the colonial period. It is a village inhabited by the Sawa people, the Douala as they are called here. It is above all a village lost in Douala &#8230; When the simple traveler wants to go to the island, he encounters difficulties in terms of transport. Apart from Saturday morning and evening, no canoe goes to Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8, except on rare occasions. The visitor therefore begins by looking for his &#8222;boatman&#8220;. A difficult problem to solve. Indeed, the boatman that we find makes a round trip. You have to pay the price! (more expensive for motorized canoe and less expensive for paddle canoe). After agreement, the journey can begin. The departure takes place on the banks of Bonassama, a district which adjoins Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8. 15 minutes later (if he has taken the motorized canoe), he sees in the distance the first houses on the island appear. Pure colonial style. Closer, he notices the faded walls and the roofs yellowed by the force of time, the first houses of Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8. And when the canoe docks, shacks, mostly built of temporary materials are visible. At the chiefdom (chefferie), the village chief, Isaac Dibobe welcomes you. \u201cWelcome to Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8\u201d, he tells you at the outset. And there, like a storyteller around the fire, <\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>Issac Dibob\u00e8, &#8222;His Majesty&#8220;, <\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>tells you the story of his island which saw him grow up more than half a century ago. \u201cIt was in 1800 that the Germans discovered Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8 during their presence in Cameroon.\u201d The name of the island goes back to the wife of the first black man to arrive on the scene. Legend has it that he was dating a mermaid woman named Djobal\u00e8, and he would\u00a0 have had several children with her. Hence the name Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8. Despite this wonderful story, the village is unhappy. &#8222;We have no drinking water, let alone electricity,&#8220; explains chef Issac Dibob\u00e9, with tears in his eyes. The island&#8217;s only source of electrification is solar power. An insufficient device given the spacing of the houses.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>The only school on the island is the Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8 public school. After obtaining their Primary School Certificate (Cep), the young people will continue their studies elsewhere. Some never return, arguing that there is no &#8222;distraction on the island.&#8220; Only the old men and fishermen remain in Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8. Their wives grow cassava, plantains and pumpkin seeds. Every Saturday, they go to the Bonassama market (200 F.CFA for transport) to sell their goods. The oil-rich soil is yet to be exploited. A few meters from the island, other districts of Douala live with water, electricity and schools. Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8 seems to be the orphan of a mother who only loves &#8222;some of her children &#8230;<\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>Name: Island of Dj\u00e9bal\u00e8 Location: Arrondissement of Douala 4th Area: 80 hectares Population: 800 souls.<\/em>\u00bb (Shortened Translation)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Jebal\u00e9 is everywhere<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> It is not that important whether Maurice read everything on the net like me or heard it directly from the village chief. There will still be other reasons for that background of the boat model. \u201c<em>The point is, the island has not developed since colonial times.<\/em>\u201d It is bitterly poor and isolated. In 2016, the publication of the &#8222;<em>Douala \u00f4 Mulema<\/em>&#8220; urban network reported on a major construction project due to heavy traffic in the east-west direction. Two new bridges over the Wouri were to be built. The second, planned since 1994, would cross Jebal\u00e9, which would mean an economic recovery for the island. But as the Google satellite image shows, nothing has happened so far. In <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">&#8222;Die Augen meiner Ziege&#8220;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">(\u201cThe eyes of my goat\u201d) , de Rosny reports on his apprenticeship with a traditional healer in Deido in the Eightees, whom he accompanies to a therapeutic session in a village across the river. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">\u201c<em>We cross the Bepanda and Deido neighborhoods, where the lights are already off. We cross the eighteen hundred meter long bridge that spans the Wouri. To our left on the quays, ships shine with a magical light, to our right the dark silhouette of shores and islands. After crossing the Bonaberi district, we drive through the bush and are almost immediately in the village. (\u2026) We are seven kilometers from our homes, but we are &lt;in a foreign country&gt;<\/em> \u201c. (68, Translation)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"WFnNle\">\n<h4 class=\"hgbeOc\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">One of the following days, when de Rosny visited <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">alone <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">the village chief, who had impressed him, he was stopped at a makeshift roadblock by a group of uniformed teenagers. \u201cUnited Boy Scouts\u201d, as they can be seen at the official parades. \u201c<em>They are proud of their relationship with this great international movement and are determined to prevail against the village chief as guardians of a new order<\/em>.\u201d The situation was only resolved <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">by the young vice-village chief <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">after an hour of negotiations\u00a0 (79). De Rosny had a conversation with a scout and sums up his explanations. \u201c<em>There are a lot of young people here. Some live in Duala, but they return home on Sunday. The Chiefdom (chefferie) does nothing for development. We want the uprising. We make parents understand the reason.&#8220;<\/em>(90) He wonders: &#8222;<em>Will there be a dialogue between an energetic village chief and these young people who have not entered the modern world, but who are not yet ready to resume fishing and the canoe?<\/em> <em>This small village on the outskirts is part of the city and yet everything remains as if you were living in the countryside. Conflicts around the adaptation of cultures emerge strongly there.<\/em>&#8220; (90) By the way, adults immediately came to support the young scouts, because rumor had it that the \u201c<em>white priest<\/em>\u201d de Rosny was a magician and \u201c<em>bought people in the villages he visited<\/em>&#8222;. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"hgbeOc\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Jebale &#8211; privileged place for water spirits (<em>Mengu<\/em>, singular: <em>Jengu<\/em>) <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"hgbeOc\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">\u201c<em>When the Duala and their loved ones arrived on the eerie and dismal coast centuries ago, they had to banish their fear of the man-eating sea and somehow control the uncertain gifts of it. &#8218;water. Here the mengu ruled the water world, ruled over fish, manatees and crabs, including raffia palms growing in the stream.<\/em> &#8222;(de Rosny, 55) <em>They are found in dangerous currents, on hidden rocks, waterfalls, thick bushes and shallows. Djebal\u00e9 in the Wouri River or the Victoria Rocks are also considered their favorite places to stay because they are particularly dangerous. On Djebal\u00e9, you will find real experts in the Jengu cult. As with humans, the mengu of the interior are considered the weakest, and those of the sea as stronger than those of the rivers.<\/em> (55) <em>They dominate storms, set off tornadoes, and when the sea is still, they are busy with people<\/em>. (56) <em>The appearance of a merchant ship is attributed to them<\/em> (78). This was especially true for the pre-colonial period.\u00a0 Since these beings show extraordinary adaptability, humans must behave in complex and wise ways. When capsized boats and their goods float in the water, it means that mengu are storing them where they are. Personal mengu as &#8222;guardian angels&#8220; avenge disobedience to drowning or hours of obsession. (56) Obsession might prompt a person enter the Jengu League (63), but only if the wealth was sufficient, (65,73) as the cult served for social segregation between the aristocracy and the slaves (72). The Duala claim to be descendants of the <em>mengu<\/em>, with whom they even have sex. (64)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Among the mengu rites of fishermen, the Ngondo festival is explicitly mentioned &#8211; in a new form since 1949 &#8211; in which canoe regattas are held in the river in front of Deido and\u00a0 of Jebale. Today, the cult connects related coastal tribes. (64)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Rumors about Jebal\u00e9 (Djebal\u00e9) <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In the eighty years of &#8211; colonial &#8211; domination of Christianity, <em>when the traditional means of acquiring &lt;force&gt; fell into oblivion and the &lt;medicine-men&gt; who had them became socially marginalized and became invisible<\/em> (Ren\u00e9 Bureau, 33 ), Jebal\u00e9 sticked to it. Is was <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">some sort of\u00a0 &#8222;Gallic village&#8220; of Asterix and Obelix? <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Jebal\u00e9 is mentioned several times. Two examples: <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Under the title &#8222;<em>Nyungu, the serpent of calamity<\/em>&#8222;, de Rosny writes: <em>\u201cOn the small island of Jebale, which begins opposite the neighborhood we live in, no wells are dug for fear of nyungu. Several people told me, including Jacques Mudiki, professor at Jebale, and Simon Musinga, fisherman. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The Nyungu is assigned properties of the Boa, which still penetrates into the cities today.<\/span> But it&#8217;s an invisible boa. And again on Jebale, some people&#8217;s belief is so strong that they don&#8217;t even dig a latrine. Because there the enemy (the magician, sorcerer) would send the nyungu to drink the blood of a woman and prevent her child from being born. This example shows how the mention of this serpent can inspire the imagination. Each nganga (healer) has his own method of hunting nyungu<\/em>. &#8222;(50)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_11175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Douala-Bonassama-Je\u0301bale\u0300.Google-Map.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11175\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Douala-Bonassama-Je\u0301bale\u0300.Google-Map-900x474.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Douala-Bonassama-Je\u0301bale\u0300.Google-Map-900x474.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Douala-Bonassama-Je\u0301bale\u0300.Google-Map-360x190.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Douala-Bonassama-Je\u0301bale\u0300.Google-Map-624x329.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Douala-Bonassama-Je\u0301bale\u0300.Google-Map.jpg 999w\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"329\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11175\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douala \u2013 Bonassama (part of Bonaberi) \u2013 Je\u0301bale\u0300. Google Map<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"VjFXz\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">De Rosny discusses the 1971 cholera epidemic with Loe, a healing friend in Duala: (72f.) <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"WFnNle\">\n<div class=\"hgbeOc\">\n<nav class=\"U0xwnf\" aria-labelledby=\"i4\">\n<div class=\"OPPzxe\">\n<div class=\"QFw9Te BLojaf\">\n<h4 data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">&#8222;Me:<em> Diseases exist, so obviously no one in the village is to blame! Take, for example, the cholera epidemic that broke out in Jebale. An old man was wrongly accused of causing the death of the first seventeen patients! <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Loe, like me, knows that cholera is a new disease from the Middle East that was imported from southern Wouri by travelers and, more specifically, by fishermen from Nigeria. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Loe (steadfast): <em>And why was it so bad at Jebale? The Jebales live in the north and the Douala mo<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>re in the south. So why did the epidemic occur on Jebale? Our sorcerers are constantly looking for opportunities to act. Then the elders stopped cholera. The elder of the island first interfered with the wizards on Jebale, then it was Deido&#8217;s turn. It was the same in Bonaberi. Esa (a collective rite to drive out evil) was being performed, it was clear that the disease was unwanted, and it was eliminated. This is the custom with us. Even if the Europeans had not brought a vaccine, it would have ended because the population was fighting against it. By the way, people asked why the vaccination was not started until the first day of cholera and not earlier; Why? <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Isn&#8217;t that damaging spell too?<\/span> <\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">de Rosny: <em>A little confused, I stop questioning Loe<\/em>. (\u2026) \u201d(72) <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">v.Graeve: The \u201cepidemic\u201d theme and Loe&#8217;s alternative approach seem to be topical for Germany in 2020. Starting point: a mix of fear, obedience and dissatisfaction, topped with \u201cconspiracy theories\u201d.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">ENTRY ON STAGE OF &#8222;SMS OLGA&#8220; AS POINT OF REFERENCE <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"post-11697 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-translations-traductions category-kamerun-duala\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">(hypothesis perhaps too daring? 02-2020)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_11123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/SMS-Olga-bei-der-Beschie\u00dfung-von-Hickorytown-Dez.1884.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11123\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/SMS-Olga-bei-der-Beschie\u00dfung-von-Hickorytown-Dez.1884-900x471.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/SMS-Olga-bei-der-Beschie\u00dfung-von-Hickorytown-Dez.1884-900x471.png 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/SMS-Olga-bei-der-Beschie\u00dfung-von-Hickorytown-Dez.1884-360x188.png 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/SMS-Olga-bei-der-Beschie\u00dfung-von-Hickorytown-Dez.1884-624x327.png 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/SMS-Olga-bei-der-Beschie\u00dfung-von-Hickorytown-Dez.1884.png 1051w\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"327\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11123\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11123\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>SMS Olga lors du bombardement de Hickorytown en d\u00e9cembre 1884\u00a0 source:\u00a0 Gartenlaube<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">I come across the illustration of &#8218;SMS Olga&#8216; of the Reichsmarine on wikip\u00e9dia.de.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">First under the name of the gunship, then under the keyword \u201cKanonenbootpolitik\u201d (gunship policy).<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">I would imagine a modern warship differently, not as a sailboat with three masts and two low chimneys. The &lt;platform corvette&gt; was put into service not until 1881. <\/span><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">However, Wikipedia mentions quick model changes afterwards.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">The illustration from the German magazine &#8222;Gartenlaube&#8220; shows four modern landing crafts too.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-11126\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.146-Gouvernementsboot-360x273.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.146-Gouvernementsboot-360x273.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.146-Gouvernementsboot-900x682.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.146-Gouvernementsboot-624x473.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.146-Gouvernementsboot.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Model of a \u00abGouvernementsboot\u00bb, l\u2019exposition \u00abheikles erbe\u00bb n\u00b0 146 \u00e0 Hanovre<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"VjFXz\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ccvoYb\">\n<div class=\"aCQag\">\n<div class=\"akczyd\">\n<div class=\"X4DQ0 zWsGpc\">\n<div class=\"vLsFwd bX0Okd\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">How did Maurice formulate it (see &#8222;<em>Beautiful legend<\/em>&#8220; above)? <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">&#8222;<em>The inhabitants of the Wouri River made a living from fishing before and after their discovery by the Germans. The villagers experienced the arrival of the Germans in a large canoe, they made this canoe in memory of this discovery, because they had never seen a boat that was &#8222;dressed&#8220; like that.&#8220;<\/em> Around a quasi-lagoon where a warship would have entered only to be refueled or repaired (as &#8222;MS Dido&#8220; 1841), the start of the German &#8222;Gunboat Policy&#8220; with artillery fire was impressive: Fire in the residence of King Lock Priso and Hickorytown (Bonaberi), s<span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">ome dead and many injured,<\/span> the majority of the population fled into the bush. From Jebale, which lies opposite, explosions and fires could be seen. We see in the foreground of the engraving a traditional war canoe: the warriors of\u00a0 the Bell or Akwa clan who approved the protection contract. They are about to loot Hickory Town together with the Germans. Traditional weapons have long been anachronistic for the Douala (He\u00dfler 1896, 80). Another newspaper illustration also shows muzzle flashes on both sides as the Marines storm the Joss Plateau occupied by Lock Priso. However, one needs no guns to loot an abandoned village. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">If you take a closer look, can you imagine the gunboat taking the canoe in tow the very next moment, as is the case with the model?<\/span> The expression &#8222;<em>arrival of the Germans<\/em>&#8220; corresponds to this experience. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">I also have an explanation for dating &#8222;1800&#8220;,<\/span> first, a mixture of different events, and second<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-phrase-index=\"0\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\">My experience with interlocutors in Germany on historical topics<\/span> : <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">One or two centuries are often absent from their imagination.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">I would like to stop here on the general impression. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The third part of the essay consists of a detailed description of my canoe model and its preliminary interpretation. ( <\/span><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=11760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LINK<\/a> to<\/strong><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> French and <\/span><\/span><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=11760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LInk \u00a0<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">to German versions)<strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<article id=\"post-11760\" class=\"post-11760 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-duala-gabun-kongo category-translations-traductions category-restkategorie\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<h1 class=\"entry-title\" style=\"text-align: center;\">(3) \u2013 Description et interpr\u00e9tation of the Canoe Model<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<h3 class=\"entry-content\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Heraldic competition:<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"entry-content\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">The commercial flag of the German Empire with an allegorical decoration on the beak of the boat &#8211; and at the stern the even larger flag of King Akwa.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">Under the parasol sits a dignitary dressed in white, a representative of the Woermann trading house?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">For what occasion?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">The decoration of the canoe certainly responds to the wish of the &#8222;king&#8220; Akwa for a strong representation in competition with the German Empire.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<div id=\"attachment_11128\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala_war_canoe-1884-Flaggen-und-Deko.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11128\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala_war_canoe-1884-Flaggen-und-Deko-360x195.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala_war_canoe-1884-Flaggen-und-Deko-360x195.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala_war_canoe-1884-Flaggen-und-Deko-900x489.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala_war_canoe-1884-Flaggen-und-Deko-624x339.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala_war_canoe-1884-Flaggen-und-Deko.jpg 1000w\" alt=\"\" width=\"449\" height=\"244\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11128\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11128\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">&#8222;Douala War Pirogue in Cameroon&#8220; 1884<\/span><\/span> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The woodcut illustration adorns an 18-page article on &#8222;The Colonial Aspirations of Germany.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">The Germans on the West Coast of Africa &#8222;in\u201e Gartenlaube: Illustriertes Familienblatt, vol.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">XXXII, n \u00b0 37, which is modest in its colonial aspirations and justifies them on a purely commercial basis.<\/span><\/span> (<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Deutschlands_Colonialbestrebungen:_Deutsche_an_der_Westk%C3%BCste_von_Afrika\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LINK<\/a>, in German)<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The Hanover Duala canoe model (circa 1900) <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In a special chapter <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">the catalogue \u201cheikles erbe\u201d\u00a0 (Hannover 2016, \u201cdelicate heritage\u201d) <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">examines the various &#8222;appropriation practices&#8220; under German colonial rule in Cameroon<\/span> (pp. 199-211). Not all of them were &#8222;illegitimate.&#8220; The colonized also had options for action, which they often used intelligently. This is how the ethnographic markets for handcrafted decorative items came into being during the 19th century. \u201cAnother example of tailor-made products for colonial travelers are <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">many boat models that are now kept in European museums. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\"> I&#8217;ll go into more detail in the sequel.)<\/span> Encouraged by contact with Europeans, they were &#8222;made as gifts for Europeans returning home, as a sign of the good trade relations that had existed since the 17th century&#8220;. (209) <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The Hanover model shows in simplified form an attached beak <em>(tange<\/em>) and its attachment. Rowers are arranged dynamically. High quality craftsmanship! Above all, a larger front view in the catalog proves the sophisticated, but also schematic carpentry work. Figures and oars are evenly coated with black-brown lacquer. Fresh condition! The remark \u201cWissmann Collection, kept in exchange with the Museum f\u00fcr V\u00f6lkerkunde Berlin\u201d leaves <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">questions open. &#8222;Before 1914&#8220;, but when purchased in Duala? <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1884. (email fevr. 2021)<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11247\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11247 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-900x269.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-900x269.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-360x108.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell-624x187.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Duala-Heikles-Erbe-no.147-Modell.jpg 999w\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"187\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11247\" \/><\/a><strong>n\u00b0 147<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Hypothesis<\/span>: My boat comes from the conservative periphery of Duala<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The model I own <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">looks like<\/span> the work of a rural canoe maker. An openwork relief of unspectacular quality, without sophisticated carpentry technology. The gaps were pierced with a small chisel, the accompanying line made with a gouge. As product of the conservative periphery, it is a unique production, to be compared with &#8218;our&#8216; Tyrolean cribs of the Nativity. The figures are produced separately, but by the artist who also modeled the thick-walled canoe and added hand notch designs typical for the Douala. Are only rudders and flexibly nailed arms purchased as \u201cin-house\u201d parts? <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In the catalog &#8222;Kunst des alten Afrika&#8220; \u200b\u200b(1982) <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Maria Kecsk\u00e9sy mentions the wood art of western Cameroon: \u201c<em>Characteristic is &#8211; both in the round sculpture and in the high reliefs &#8211; a certain type of representation of people: flowing lines, slightly curved legs,<\/em><\/span><em> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">curved in the shape of a tube\u2026.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">The long, narrow head is usually without a hairstyle, the concave heart-shaped face is reduced to the essential, the eyes are sculpted in the shape of a button or almond;<\/span> <\/em><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\"><em>The flat nose and the open mouth with protruding lips are characteristic<\/em> \u201d.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">(232-233, Translation)<\/span> &#8220;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"UdTY9 Yb6eTe\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-location=\"2\">\n<h4 class=\"kO6q6e\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Zwei-Ruderer-PC290051.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11277\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Zwei-Ruderer-PC290051-270x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Zwei-Ruderer-PC290051-270x360.jpg 270w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Zwei-Ruderer-PC290051-624x832.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Zwei-Ruderer-PC290051.jpg 675w\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"330\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11277\" \/><\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 (detail), <span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-phrase-index=\"0\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\">half figures 9 cm high<\/span><\/span> &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<\/h4>\n<div class=\"UdTY9 Yb6eTe\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-location=\"2\">\n<div id=\"attachment_11256\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-no.248-Abo-12cm-Berke\u0301-1905.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11256\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-no.248-Abo-12cm-Berke\u0301-1905-148x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 148px) 100vw, 148px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-no.248-Abo-12cm-Berke\u0301-1905-148x360.jpg 148w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-no.248-Abo-12cm-Berke\u0301-1905.jpg 328w\" alt=\"\" width=\"148\" height=\"360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11256\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11256\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Kecske\u0301sy 1982, no.248 Abo (?) 12cm Berke\u0301 1905<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"BdDRKe\">\n<div class=\"aJIq1d DSmisd\" data-language-code=\"en\" data-language-name=\"Englisch\" data-text=\"The style of the conservative outskirts of Douala and my &quot;pirogue&quot; model Coupled canoe (detail), half-figures 9 cm high The model I own is the work of a rural canoe maker. An openwork relief of unspectacular quality, without sophisticated carpentry technology. The gaps were pierced with a small chisel, the accompanying line made with a gouge. A product of the conservative periphery, it is a unique production, to be compared with Tyrolean cribs of the Nativity. The figures are produced separately, but by the artist who also modeled the thick-walled canoe and added hand notch designs typical for the Douala. Are only rudders and flexibly nailed arms purchased as \u201cin-house\u201d parts? Kecsk\u00e9sy 1982, no.248 Abo (?) 12cm Berk\u00e9 1905 In the catalog &quot;Art of Ancient Africa&quot; \u200b\u200b(1982), Maria Kecsk\u00e9sy mentions the art of\" data-crosslingual-hint=\"\" data-location=\"2\" data-enable-toggle-playback-speed=\"true\">\n<div data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"aJIq1d DSmisd\" data-language-code=\"en\" data-language-name=\"Englisch\" data-text=\"The style of the conservative outskirts of Douala and my &quot;pirogue&quot; model Coupled canoe (detail), half-figures 9 cm high The model I own is the work of a rural canoe maker. An openwork relief of unspectacular quality, without sophisticated carpentry technology. The gaps were pierced with a small chisel, the accompanying line made with a gouge. A product of the conservative periphery, it is a unique production, to be compared with Tyrolean cribs of the Nativity. The figures are produced separately, but by the artist who also modeled the thick-walled canoe and added hand notch designs typical for the Douala. Are only rudders and flexibly nailed arms purchased as \u201cin-house\u201d parts? Kecsk\u00e9sy 1982, no.248 Abo (?) 12cm Berk\u00e9 1905 In the catalog &quot;Art of Ancient Africa&quot; \u200b\u200b(1982), Maria Kecsk\u00e9sy mentions the art of\" data-crosslingual-hint=\"\" data-location=\"2\" data-enable-toggle-playback-speed=\"true\">\n<div data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"VjFXz\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"WFnNle\">\n<div class=\"hgbeOc\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"r375lc\">\n<div class=\"aJIq1d\" data-language-code=\"fr\" data-language-name=\"Franz\u00f6sisch\" data-text=\"\" data-crosslingual-hint=\"null\" data-location=\"1\" data-enable-toggle-playback-speed=\"true\">\n<div id=\"ow56\" data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"nidPne\">\n<div id=\"ow60\" data-show-delay-ms=\"250\" data-append-to-body=\"true\" data-propagate-tooltip-mouseover-events=\"true\" data-anchor-corner=\"bottom-left\" data-popup-corner=\"top-left\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"scLCMd\">\n<div id=\"itamenu\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"FFpbKc\">\n<div class=\"nidPne\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"c806\" class=\"oBOnKe\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">These characteristics do not all match the figures of the boat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">, nevertheless I see the model firmly anchored in local traditions. The figurine, which is only 12 cm high, was much more patinated in 1905, because it had been used as an amulet for a long time. The area of \u200b\u200bsupposed origin among the Abo on the Abo River is neighborhood, less than twenty kilometers (linear distance) north of Jebale or Douala.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"oBOnKe\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The Ethnographic Museum (now &#8222;Museum F\u00fcnf Kontinente&#8220;) in Munich has presented <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">in two catalogs (Kecsk\u00e9si 1982 and 1999) <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">two<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">heraldic beaks (<em>tange<\/em>) of royal &#8222;war canoes&#8220; in an exemplary manner<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">, acquired in 1884 and 1889, each\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> one meter fifty long. The figures and allegories, stylized to a high standard, are perfectly worked out. At first I thought the <em>tange<\/em>s had been made by carpenters from the Niger Delta <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(Why not? febr. 2021)<\/span>, because they are so similar in style and quality <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-phrase-index=\"0\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\">and their owners were hostile to one another<\/span>. One <em>tange<\/em> was said to be made by a son-in-law of King Bell, perhaps in one of the\u00a0 missions\u2019 joineries? And Maria Kecsk\u00e9sy proposed that the models were inspired by the figureheads of European merchant ships.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-p.224-no.235-King-Bell-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11254\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-p.224-no.235-King-Bell-1-900x481.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-p.224-no.235-King-Bell-1-900x481.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-p.224-no.235-King-Bell-1-360x192.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-p.224-no.235-King-Bell-1-624x333.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecske\u0301sy-1982-p.224-no.235-King-Bell-1.jpg 1000w\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"299\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11254\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11254\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Kecsk\u00e9sy 1982 p.224 n \u00b0 235 King Bell\u2019s Tange, made by his son-in-law Ekwe, sold in 1889<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-phrase-index=\"0\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\">Features: clothing, skin color, fighting motif, snake, bird, eye<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In her 1982 description, Maria Kecsk\u00e9sy classifies European clothing as &#8222;<em>the only detail that clearly indicates a European influence<\/em>&#8222;. She rightly interprets it as a function of the highlighted status. (See also the portrait photos in the &#8222;Gartenlaube&#8220;). White skin, on the other hand, matches local traditions as a cult color. Other features have their parallels mainly in the Near East, they migrated. For example, the circular ornament and rosette: &#8222;<em>On boats, it could be a variant of &lt;oculi&gt;, for the defense of the evil eye with which so many ships in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean are equipped.<\/em>&#8220; The man holding a twisting serpent in both hands is said to symbolize &#8222;<em>benevolent cosmic powers<\/em>&#8220; in the ancient East. The motif of bird and serpent fighting first appeared in Babylonia 3,000 years ago and migrated to Egypt, for example. The motive had taken on different meanings of hostility: fight between light and darkness, celestial and subterranean powers, good and evil, its own dynasty and its enemy. Kecsk\u00e9sy sees <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8211; as Wilcox does &#8211;\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">in the cultures of the Guinean Coast\u00a0 &#8211; Baule, Achanti, Yoruba, Benin etc., with which the Wouri delta has been associated for a long time (n \u00b0 235, p. 222f)) &#8211; <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> intermediate stations.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11249\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Tange-Mu\u0308nchen-R.-Wilcox3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11249 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Tange-Mu\u0308nchen-R.-Wilcox3-360x255.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Tange-Mu\u0308nchen-R.-Wilcox3-360x255.png 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Tange-Mu\u0308nchen-R.-Wilcox3-900x637.png 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Tange-Mu\u0308nchen-R.-Wilcox3-624x442.png 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Tange-Mu\u0308nchen-R.-Wilcox3.png 1092w\" alt=\"\" width=\"497\" height=\"352\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11249\" \/><\/a>(R.Wilcox: \u00abMamiwatas ..\u00bb dans \u00abSacred Waters\u00bb Indianapolis \u2013 <span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">owned by King Lock Priso;<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">M. Buchner&#8217;s spoils of war Dec.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">1884<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">However close the two heraldic sets are, that of Lock Priso (fig. 21.3) is undoubtedly more political, more selfconfident, more interesting in terms of content. Kecsk\u00e9sy rightly points out the appropriate motives: \u201c<em>The leader, tamer and elephant killer<\/em>\u201d holds a gun, but kills with the spear. And &#8222;<em>under the idyllic image of a small table with a bottle of brandy and glasses, <\/em><\/span><\/span><em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">between two kerosene lamps <\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><em>a cannon tube sticks out\u00a0 aimed at the elephant killer.<\/em>&#8220; <em>Dual strategy<\/em>&#8222;. (p.225) Lock Priso knew the Europeans well. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">It was not without reason that in 1884 he pleaded for the English \u201cprotectorate\u201d.<\/span> He knew from experience what to expect. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The realistic style of the two &#8222;royal&#8220; <em>tanges <\/em>is extremely valuable in deciphering <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">the humble version<\/span> that I have acquired. With patient observation, all of its traditional patterns can be identified, as quotation, not worked out creatively! <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Detailed Analysis of my Boat Model of Jebal\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The <em>tange<\/em> occupies about forty percent of the total length!<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">It consists of six wedged components, not longer than 60 cm (23,2 inch), presumably for safe storage in a basket.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">First, I remove the split pin connecting the two parts, then I unclip the leather buckle and dismantle the &#8222;baroque&#8220; attachment.<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">We first consider its longitudinal axis, because it represents the traditional &#8222;core&#8220; with the symbols of the Munich <em>Tange<\/em>.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">We then turn to the three rows of cross bars on the longitudinal axis. They immediately catch the eye and give the construction its interesting character. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">The disconnected canoe is described last. <\/span> <\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"entry-content\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"8\">A traditional Douala imagery dominates the long axis of the Beak<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"ccvoYb\">\n<div class=\"aCQag\">\n<div class=\"akczyd\">\n<div class=\"X4DQ0 zWsGpc\">\n<div class=\"vLsFwd bX0Okd\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11267\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/La\u0308ngsachse-schra\u0308g-PC290078-900x549.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/La\u0308ngsachse-schra\u0308g-PC290078-900x549.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/La\u0308ngsachse-schra\u0308g-PC290078-360x220.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/La\u0308ngsachse-schra\u0308g-PC290078-624x381.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/La\u0308ngsachse-schra\u0308g-PC290078.jpg 1099w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"VfPpkd-AznF2e-ZMv3u\" role=\"tablist\" data-use-automatic-activation=\"false\">\n<div class=\"VfPpkd-AznF2e-vzJc7b\">\n<div class=\"VfPpkd-AznF2e-LUERP-vJ7A6b VfPpkd-AznF2e-LUERP-vJ7A6b-OWXEXe-XuHpsb\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"X4DQ0 zWsGpc\">\n<h4 class=\"QFw9Te BLojaf\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Usually the view of these scenes is partially obscured by the elements attached to it at right angles.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Two of the cones for fastening can be seen in the photo above.<\/span> The central figure, a chief with outstretched arms even <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">has some part right in front of the nose<\/span>. It was not taken into account when working on the various elements. The chief looks in the opposite direction to the other four human figures. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Maurice describes them as &#8222;<em>warriors<\/em><\/span><em> dressed in European uniforms&#8220;<\/em>, and as &#8222;<em>the chieftaincy guard who accompany the chief to protect him<\/em> &#8222;. This is clearly the inner aspect of traditional power or the responsibility for and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">defense of <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">the community.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The faces are white (\u201cwhite cult colour\u201d, ibid. p.225). <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 class=\"QFw9Te BLojaf\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The gesture of power &#8211; four variations <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"QFw9Te BLojaf\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">A strong gesture of human domination is the spread or stretch of strong arms. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-phrase-index=\"0\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\">The balance between dynamic energy and static equilibrium is not permanent<\/span>. A black snake emerges from the water and prepares to devour the head of a large yellow bird, recognizable by its long beak and short body. With Kecsk\u00e9si no. 236 the motif is called: \u201c<em>Struggle between bird and snake<\/em>\u201d. A second small black-spotted snake bites into the bird&#8217;s abdomen. Three small human figures in black pants strive to hold monsters in an ever-threatening balance. The middle figure controls two predators. We can identify a dog <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">or leopard <\/span>by its curled tail and its triangular notched ears (cf. 1982, above no. 235). Does he bite the man in the hand? With the other hand the chief catches a snake, which is biting a bird in the tail. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In a &#8222;psychological&#8220; interpretation, the human figures give the impression of extreme exertion, if not overstrain.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Of course, a simple quotation from these allegorical figures can only convey this to a limited extent<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"QFw9Te BLojaf\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The two Munich <em>tange<\/em> of the 19th and the advertising image of the 20th century embody the triumphant development of power in perfect balance. The 20th century advertising magician also easily masters two worlds, the visible and the invisible.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 184px;\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/deRosny-p.180-Supre\u0300me-Pouvoir.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11240\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/deRosny-p.180-Supre\u0300me-Pouvoir-208x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/deRosny-p.180-Supre\u0300me-Pouvoir-208x360.jpg 208w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/deRosny-p.180-Supre\u0300me-Pouvoir-520x900.jpg 520w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/deRosny-p.180-Supre\u0300me-Pouvoir-624x1080.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/deRosny-p.180-Supre\u0300me-Pouvoir.jpg 635w\" alt=\"\" width=\"184\" height=\"318\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11240\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kecskesy 1982: n \u00b0 235 King Bell\u2019s (d\u00e9tail)\u00a0 de Rosny \u00abLes yeux de ma ch\u00e8vre\u00bb p.180, 1996 <strong><em><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Medical advertising brochure<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11250\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11250\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-279x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-279x360.jpg 279w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-698x900.jpg 698w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-624x805.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2.jpg 775w\" alt=\"\" width=\"279\" height=\"360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11250\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11250\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kecskesy 1982: n \u00b0 235 King Bell\u2019s (d\u00e9tail)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">What happened to the heroe with strong hands?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">&#8211; Dolls and Obsessions open the doors to the global networked art world.<\/span> <\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">WHAT DOES PASCALE MARTINE TAYOU SAY?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">THE ARTIST LIVES IN PARIS AND DOUALA &gt; NO MORE AT GALLERIA CONTINUA \/ San Giminiano etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11262\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 332px;\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Pascale-Martine-Tayou-Emmanuel-2020-01-22.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-11262\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Pascale-Martine-Tayou-Emmanuel-2020-01-22-360x303.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Pascale-Martine-Tayou-Emmanuel-2020-01-22-360x303.png 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Pascale-Martine-Tayou-Emmanuel-2020-01-22-624x525.png 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Pascale-Martine-Tayou-Emmanuel-2020-01-22.png 757w\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"261\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11262\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11262\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pascale Martine Tayou \u201cEmmanuel\u201d 2020-01-22<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo.jpg\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-9597\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo-233x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"181\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo-233x360.jpg 233w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo-582x900.jpg 582w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo-624x965.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo.jpg 734w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 181px) 100vw, 181px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">The relief of the Old Congo Empire interpreted by J.F. Thiel (\u201c<em>Jahre im Kongo<\/em>&#8220; Fig. 58, 2001<a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Thiel.Jahre58.Nzambi-Nkisi-Holo.jpg\"> LINK<\/a>) as Christ crucified, is formally interesting because of its frontality, its slanted arms and oversized hands in front of a wide frame. According to its function it is a symbol of power (<em>Nkisi<\/em>). <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Slave in the Ship&#8217;s belly<\/span><\/span> <\/strong><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_11259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model__4811223749.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11259\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model__4811223749-360x240.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model__4811223749-360x240.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model__4811223749-900x599.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model__4811223749-624x416.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kenneth_Lu_-_Slave_ship_model__4811223749.jpg 1000w\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11259\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11259\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 National Museum of American History Kenneth Lu slave-ship-model<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"VjFXz\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The naked man\u00a0 does not correspond to the others, but is clearly placed in the center. It balances horizontally in a ship&#8217;s hull like in a wheel, perhaps due to the perspective from above. The ship is represented by its cross section. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">What does the figure of &#8222;slave&#8220; mean? First, an extremely profitable commodity in the past, comparable to elephant ivory (<em>Tange<\/em> # 235 King Bell), second, it could also symbolize the traditional basis of social order, and third, the determination of not to let the Europeans or the &#8222;Bamileke&#8220; govern them. (part 1). Conversely, the motive may refer to an existential threat. Its place directly under the powerful \u201cleader\u201d could also meet its obligation of protection in the \u201csecond world\u201d too. During the slave trade era, village chiefs handed over simple people to whites as middlemen for their own profit. Eric de Rosny regards the \u201cslave trade\u201d as a well-known model of collective memory, as modern\u00a0 wizards transfer people to another world for forced labor. (Keyword &#8222;<em>Ekong<\/em>&#8220; in &#8222;The eye of my goat&#8220; 85; 93 Note 4; see also my Blog &#8222;<em>Tightly wrapped healer<\/em>&#8220; <a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=10868\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LINK<\/a>).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11236\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bugspriet-Duala-R-PC290075-360x201.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"201\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11236\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Opposite face: The chef turns his back to us<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Water Spirits (<em>mengu<\/em>)?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The triangles on which are fixed cones for the accessories recall the fish with the typical eyes and the gaping mouths.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">(See such fish on the beak of the ship n \u00b0 236, Kecsk\u00e9si 1999 p. 90\/91).<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\">At the bottom behind the python\u00a0 a fifth man <\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\">lies <\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\">on his side <\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">and looks vertically into the water<\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">His black European jacket indicates high status.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">His right arm is bent. The left arm &#8211; as with the Munich tang nos. 235 and 236 &#8211; cannot be seen here for carving reasons.<\/span>\u00a0 <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"7\">On\u00a0 no.\u00a0 236 (&#8222;Lock Priso&#8220;) the person is stylized as a woman and\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">&#8211; according to Kecsk\u00e9si &#8211;\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"7\">ritually emptying a sacrificial vessel for the water spirits, the mengu.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_11168\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2020-02-15-um-21.36.01-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11168\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2020-02-15-um-21.36.01-1-360x309.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2020-02-15-um-21.36.01-1-360x309.png 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2020-02-15-um-21.36.01-1-900x772.png 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2020-02-15-um-21.36.01-1-624x535.png 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Bildschirmfoto-2020-02-15-um-21.36.01-1.png 923w\" alt=\"\" width=\"326\" height=\"280\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11168\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11168\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jengu (singulier des mengu), Wilcox: \u00abMamiwatas\u2026\u00bb (H.J.Drewal\u00a0: Sacred Waters\u2026, I.U.P.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Their importance cannot be overstated for the community and individuals in the Wouri Delta.<\/span>\u00a0 <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">It should be added that the Jengu Water Spirit can take on a human form, but smaller in size<\/span>,<span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\"> swim like a fish and walk straight like a human.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">Rather feminine, the jengu has fair skin, prominent eyes and her hair reaches to the ground, she looks like pygmies, whites and manatees.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">But above all she has upturned feet, which is why her footprints are easily recognizable in the sand.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">(Ren\u00e9 Bureau 1997, p. 54)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">FIVE MOUNTED ELEMENTS TO THEME THE EXTERNAL RELATIONS<\/span> <\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_11225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11225\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-270x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-270x360.jpg 270w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-675x900.jpg 675w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-624x832.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290059-scaled.jpg 1920w\" alt=\"\" width=\"258\" height=\"344\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11225\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11225\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">with kidney-shaped wooden board<\/span><\/span> (Nr. 1)<br \/>\nDimensions 35,5 cm de haut 22 cm de large, 560g<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11250\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-11250\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-279x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-279x360.jpg 279w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-698x900.jpg 698w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2-624x805.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kecskesy-Kunst-I-Duala-2.jpg 775w\" alt=\"\" width=\"264\" height=\"341\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11250\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11250\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kecskesy 1982: n \u00b0 235 King Bell\u2019s (d\u00e9tail)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"VjFXz\"><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">The structure on the back of the <em>tange <\/em>shows <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">the cross section of a ship and a Chapel !<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The highest structure puts a different accent compared to that of King Bell (on the right, n \u00b0 235),which simply omits the chiefs&#8216; relations with the foreigners. And to that of Lock Priso (n \u00b0 256) who integrates them critically in the context of traditional legitimacy. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The daring rural representation (left side) makes these relations the main theme in its three structures that are visible from afar.<\/span> It uses the silhouette and superstructure of the German gunboat &#8222;SMS Olga&#8220; as a model <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(?) <\/span>and thus gains additional space to make room for new relations and meanings without the old ones totally disappearing. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The adoption of Christianity is central<\/span>. But I can&#8217;t help: The foreign spirits are triumphantly entering here. Highlight of the boat is the &#8222;white&#8220; Christ, a foreign spirit. Here, the quote from Ren\u00e9 Bureau in the first part is striking: &#8222;<em>It is the White who brought the Religion<\/em>&#8222;. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Above a mighty hull, adorned with a garland of colored rhombuses (see # 256; 1999, pp. 90\/91), stand two tall white men on the main deck. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">One arm rests on a red structure &#8211; an altar table?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">&#8211; which carries a &#8222;tympanum&#8220; with a blessing Christ.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">Does the cloudy white layer above it mean a canopy?<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Timmers-Tympanon-13.Jh_.-Zwolle-NL.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11232\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Timmers-Tympanon-13.Jh_.-Zwolle-NL-170x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"150\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11232\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11232\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tympan de Timmer 13e si\u00e8cle Zwolle NL<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">&#8222;Tympanum&#8220; is the name of a semicircular arched field above a church portal.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">This place becomes the center of architectural jewels of Romanesque and Gothic churches in Europe.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">A popular image in smaller copies is the figure of Christ flanked by saints (especially Peter and Paul).<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">(Wikipedia.de) &#8211; Coincidence?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">Just an altarpiece?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"5\">Where could the inspiration for this line have come from?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">From a church in Duala?<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"8\">With the other arm, do the men lean on a suggested balustrade or rather on a stylized rum pot?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"9\">Rum has been a very important barter for centuries.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"10\">On the Tange of King Lock Priso (# 236), jars of rum were placed on top, while on my model, the cross tops everything.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"12\">The men have large hands with serrated fingers.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"13\">They stand firmly on their feet and have pronounced facial features, not to say &#8222;hard&#8220;.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"14\">The foreigners as the Douala have known them for a long time.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">BUT IN FRONT OF THEM &#8211; JUST ABOVE THE GIANT SNAKE FIGHTING THE BIRD &#8211; TWO DOUALA CHIEFS STAND TRIUMPHANTLY AND<\/span><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\"> CARRY CHURCH GATES LIKE GIANT SNAKES .<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">The two &#8222;heroes&#8220; (1999, p. 90) in early 19th century naval uniforms wear arches on their heads, just as African carriers carry loads.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"6\">They hold with their oversized arms and hands two strong, black snakes, spotted with white, and press the snakes&#8216; heads vertically to the ground.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"7\">Even the backs of their hands give the impression of strength.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"8\">The snakes become transformed into the side walls of the church portal, they also change color.<\/span> <\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\">By the way: <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"10\">The two wooden elements have rhombic handles, so they can be worn individually as a scepter.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290068-scaled-e1588196595732.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11222\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290068-scaled-e1588196595732-776x900.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290068-scaled-e1588196595732-776x900.jpg 776w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290068-scaled-e1588196595732-311x360.jpg 311w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290068-scaled-e1588196595732-624x723.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PC290068-scaled-e1588196595732.jpg 792w\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"501\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11222\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dimensions : 27,5 (left) \/ 26 cm high, 9,5 cm de large, up to 1,9 cm thick, each 60g<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"entry-content\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">TWO CHRISTIAN CROSSES OR LAND SIGNS ARE MOUNTED IN THE CENTER<\/span><\/span> <\/strong><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_11231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kreuze-PC290067.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11231\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kreuze-PC290067-343x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kreuze-PC290067-343x360.jpg 343w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kreuze-PC290067-859x900.jpg 859w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kreuze-PC290067-624x654.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Kreuze-PC290067.jpg 954w\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"279\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11231\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">20,5 cm high, 9\u20139,4 cm large,2 cm thick, 70 g each<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11233\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11233\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen-299x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 233px) 100vw, 233px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen-299x360.jpg 299w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen-748x900.jpg 748w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen-1277x1536.jpg 1277w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen-624x751.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Weihekreuz-Kors_Slidredomen.jpg 1360w\" alt=\"\" width=\"233\" height=\"280\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11233\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11233\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Croix de cons\u00e9cration Kors_Slidredomen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"c118\" class=\"oBOnKe\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">\u201c<em>Foreign and traditional elements (there) are merged<\/em>\u201d (Kecsk\u00e9si 1999 p.90). I can only freely fantasize about their &#8218;hoods&#8216;: a red jellyfish or some other ghostly face (slanted eyes and open mouth) above? An association with the &#8222;Portuguese&#8220; red and white crosses on the columns is more plausible. We think of the Portuguese, who were also the first Europeans in the Wouri Delta. As a &#8222;consecration cross&#8220; in church buildings, the shape was anyway widely used in Europe, for example as a sign of blessing after construction work. And why shouldn&#8217;t the pieces also represent the two short chimneys of the SMS Olga between the first and the second mast? In any case, the two crosses serve to stabilize the construction. The rhombic supports of the signs also become handles to carry them in the hand as scepters or as \u201chand masks\u201d \u2018in processions as in ritual dances, whatever the symbolic meaning of the rhombic form. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 class=\"oBOnKe\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">REMEMBER SIXTY PERCENT OF LENGTH: THE TRADITIONAL CANOE !<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11221\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PIROGE.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11221\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PIROGE-900x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PIROGE-900x360.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PIROGE-360x144.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PIROGE-624x250.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PIROGE.jpg 999w\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"236\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11221\" \/><\/a><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dimensions: Hull 960 g: 62 cm long, 9 cm wide, with 15 cm high oars<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The compact canoe with only ten rowers tapers at both ends. Up front, technical devices allow the oversized &#8222;<em>Tange<\/em>&#8220; to be anchored with its full image program. Since the cone visibly protrudes from the attached canoe, conservator Kerstin Frost thought of an assemblage of different boats. However, there is no space in the vertical opening of the midsection for the bow of a larger canoe. In the 33.5 cm long cavity in the hull, five rowing benches are secured from the outside with four nails each. On it sit ten movable half-figures, which end in surprisingly wide belts. Their crossed arms, which are sawn from plywood, are rotatably attached to the shoulders with nails and have a glossy black finish. The holes allow the insertion of thin leaf-shaped oars. These are hand carved and have been replaced several times. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The torsos and heads of the figures are roughly cut and smoothed.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">The bodies are painted red and indicate nice shirts.<\/span> The pectoral muscles and the upper abdomen are plastically worked out. With the belts you get the impression of\u00a0 individual male bodies. The heads &#8211; with the exception of two in the front row &#8211; have a remarkably broad and solid forehead. Notched ears, slit eyes, a compact nose and a compact mouth in ten different shapes suggest mental determination. The hairstyles are brushed quickly, but therefore appear individual. There is nothing more to say about this team. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0\u00a0 Provisional Resume \u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">( June 5 \/ August 8, 2020)<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">The dramatic allegory of the traditional chiefs of the Douala on the longitudinal plank of the Tange is enlarged by new &#8211; idealized &#8211; factors on the additional areas of the superstructures: widely accepted Christianity and the common regime with the whites. <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Unlike the Lock Priso Tange (No. 216, before 1884), the main themes capture attention with their own level of representation. <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">They relativize the attached canoe, which represents the limited indigenous military power.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">Oars and rowers are carefully crafted and their roles are taken seriously, but limited to their traditional role as followers of the Chief.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/pirogue-IMG_4960.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-11782\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/pirogue-IMG_4960-900x606.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/pirogue-IMG_4960-900x606.jpg 900w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/pirogue-IMG_4960-360x243.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/pirogue-IMG_4960-624x420.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/pirogue-IMG_4960.jpg 999w\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"421\" \/><\/a><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">How to balance the high central construction of the Whites with the \u201cdominant\u201d position of the traditional chiefs in the front, that of the \u201csnake tamers\u201d? How to interpret the distribution of roles between partners and competitors? Will the whites be carried away together with their triumphant Christ? Confidence in the new faith is demonstrated without visible signs of shock, intimidation, or repentance. Ren\u00e9 Bureau has already underlined the practical orientation of the &#8222;conversion&#8220; of Duala (see 1st part of the blog). Did the artist even have the shape of a gunboat like &#8222;SMS Olga&#8220; in mind? If so, could that mean the prospect of self government of the &#8218;boat&#8216;? The interpretation also depends on the moment when the object was created. The merchant&#8217;s indication \u201ca hundred years ago\u201d refers to the first years of Franco-British \u201ctutelage\u201d after 1919. The condition of the dry wood and the yellowed coats of paint would suit it perfectly. The performance would evoke a &#8222;good old days&#8220;. Merchant Maurice: &#8222;<em>The Douala have fond memories of the Germans until today. You will find in the city of Douala the home of 100% German sailors. There is a large representation of the Germans in Douala Cameroon, even in the Maritime Museum \/ Maritime \/\u2026 Internet can guide you on my declaration\u2026. The Sawa community shares a lot of partnership with the Germans.<\/em> &#8220; (5.12.2019, translation)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nelson-trafalgar-Uniform-flickr-2020-06-05-um-.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-11775\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nelson-trafalgar-Uniform-flickr-2020-06-05-um--256x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 185px) 100vw, 185px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nelson-trafalgar-Uniform-flickr-2020-06-05-um--256x360.jpg 256w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nelson-trafalgar-Uniform-flickr-2020-06-05-um-.jpg 321w\" alt=\"\" width=\"169\" height=\"238\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11775\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11775\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nelson Nelson trafalgar Uniform flickr 2020-06-05<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">But is German colonial rule a problem?<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">The rounded cut of the naval uniforms of chieftains belongs to the era long before the &#8222;contract of protection&#8220; with the Reich, at the beginning of the 19th century (an example is Lord Nelson&#8217;s Trafalgar uniform).<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">White Christianity first appeared in Duala in 1845. The boat display would then have historically idealized or had older predecessor objects.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\">More questions than answers!<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"hgbeOc\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">In the 20th\u00a0 century,\u00a0 I guess, the object has represented the legitimacy of the traditional ruler of a chiefdom, a legitimacy that has been questioned repeatedly since colonial times, particularly by\u00a0 &#8218;modern Africans&#8216; (ex-&#8218;Evolu\u00e9s&#8216;) in the colonial and post-colonial state apparatus to the present day. Part 2 of the blog reports on two modern generation conflicts on the outskirts of Douala. Thus the boat object &#8211; <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">if <\/span>carved for the appearance of the village chief on important occasions &#8211; is probably a document of resilience and demand of the traditional elites in Cameroon of political participation and\u00a0 social rule. The long-standing dispute with the \u201cMuseum F\u00fcnf Kulturen\u201d in Munich has resulted in carefully researched studies that document, categorize and discuss the interests and arguments of an ambitious \u201cneo-traditional leader\u201d and ex-professor in Germany. Anne Splettst\u00f6\u00dfer rates such demands for the return of so-called &#8222;insignia of rank&#8220; to leading families as an episode in the struggle of influence in the postcolonial state of Cameroon (See: subsection 3.2 and 3.3 of her doctoral thesis.) This would be material for another blog post, as it currently crushes my possibilities. However, the three German studies mentioned below can be read and searched freely in pdf format on the Internet.<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Chefs-tradit-Ngondo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11280 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Chefs-tradit-Ngondo-292x360.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Chefs-tradit-Ngondo-292x360.jpg 292w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Chefs-tradit-Ngondo-624x768.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Chefs-tradit-Ngondo.jpg 713w\" alt=\"\" width=\"292\" height=\"360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11280\" \/> \u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\">ngobithe.blogspot.com 2013_12<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">A Duala website, which propagates <em>Ngondo<\/em> festivals in Deido, shows a platform with dignitaries from the Duala \/ Sawa.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">One of them posed a shiny black figure standing in front of him &#8211; a style non-traditional in the region, but presumably in a function similar to that of my canoe model.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\"><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/qwaq-Scho\u0308nheiten-Ngondo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11281\" src=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/qwaq-Scho\u0308nheiten-Ngondo-170x150.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/qwaq-Scho\u0308nheiten-Ngondo-360x279.jpg 360w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/qwaq-Scho\u0308nheiten-Ngondo-624x483.jpg 624w, http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/qwaq-Scho\u0308nheiten-Ngondo.jpg 900w\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11281\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">And really, now festival queens appear as <\/span><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">one timely adaptation to the promotion of the Ngondo festival today.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">As Ren\u00e9 Bureau wrote: \u201c<em>The desire for tradition has also led to forms of folklore since the 1930s. After all, they give some people various positions and dignities.<\/em><\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"3\"><em>Traditional festivals remain sterile<\/em> \u201d.<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">(88-91; see 1st blog) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"fr\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"4\">But is life in Africa and elsewhere &#8211; above all\u00a0 &#8211; a question of \u201cspirituality\u201d?<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"dePhmb\">\n<div class=\"eyKpYb\" data-language=\"en\" data-original-language=\"fr\" data-result-index=\"0\">\n<h2 class=\"J0lOec\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Bibliographical Notes <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">MARIA KECSK\u00c9SI: \u201cKUNST AUS DEM ALTEN AFRIKA\u201d &#8211; <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Collections from the State Museum of Ethnology, Munich, Vol. 2, 1982: historical context and interpretations of motifs in Tange, pp.222-229<\/span> \u201cDie Duala und ihre Boote\u201d <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Catalog numbers 235, 236;<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">pp. 232ff<\/span> \u201cDie Kunst des westlichen Kameruner Waldlandes\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"entry-content\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">MARIA KECSK\u00c9SI: \u201cKUNST AUS AFRIKA &#8211; Museum f\u00fcr V\u00f6lkerkunde M\u00fcnchen\u201d &#8211; Prestel Verlag 1999) S. 90f. Kat. 82 (= 236 oben) \u201cSchiffsschnabel tange\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"entry-content\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">ALEXIS VON POSER (Hrsg.), Bianca Baumann (Hrsg.), Claudia Andratschke etc.: \u201cheikles erbe &#8211; koloniale spuren bis in die gegenwart\u201d, <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">Lower Saxony State Museum Hanover, Sandstein Verlag Dresden 2016): About colonial collecting (with short biographies) in ethnographic collections and catalog numbers 144 &#8211; 147<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"entry-content\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"> ISABELLA BOSZA: &#8222;<a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geschenkt-gekauft-erbeutet_Forschungsbericht-Isabella-Bozsa.pdf\">Geschenkt, gekauft, erbeutet<\/a> &#8211; Missionarisches Sammeln in Kamerun und Indien\u201d; Museum der Kulturen Basel 2019, http:\/\/www.mkb.ch\/de\/museum\/ then at the \u201cFellowship\u201d and \u201cForschungsbericht\u201d, for chapters 3.1, 4., 4.3, 5.3 and 6.1<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4>ANNE SPLETTST\u00d6SSER: <em>\u00a0<a title=\"Ein Kameruner Kulturerbe? 130 Jahre geteilte Agency: Das Netzwerk Tange\/Schiffschnabel\" href=\"http:\/\/books.openedition.org\/gup\/547\">Ein Kameruner Kulturerbe? 130 Jahre geteilte Agency: Das Netzwerk Tange\/Schiffschnabel<\/a>\u00a0<\/em> in Stefan Groth, Regina F. Bendix, Achim Spiller (Hsgb.), <em>KULTUR ALS EIGENTUM<\/em>, G\u00f6ttingen University Press, 2015<\/h4>\n<h4>ANNE SPLETTST\u00d6SSER :\u00a0<em> <a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Kameruner-Kulturerbe-Anne-Splettstoe\u00dfer.pdf\">KAMERUNER KULTURERBE <\/a><\/em>&#8211; <em>Vom Umgang mit kolonialem Erbe aus Kamerun in ethnologischen Museen,\u00a0<\/em>G\u00f6ttinger Studien zu Cultural Property, Band 15, Universit\u00e4tsverlag G\u00f6ttingen 2019, Dissertation, 403 S. ( als sch\u00f6nes Taschenbuch 40\u20ac )<\/h4>\n<h4>BARBARA\u00a0 J. HEUERMANN: <em>DER SCHIZOPHRENE SCHIFFSSCHNABEL &#8211; <\/em><em>BIOGRAPHIE EINES KOLONIALEN OBJEKTES UND DISKURS UM SEINE R\u00dcCKFORDERUNG IM <\/em><em>POSTKOLONIALEN M\u00dcNCHEN, <\/em>M\u00fcnchner Institution f\u00fcr Ethnologie, Band 17 Working Papers in Social and Cultural Anthropology, LMU MUNICH, Vol. 17 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ethnologie.uni-muenchen.de\/aktuelles\/archiv\/20150820_news_veranstalt__2015\/heuermann_band_17\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">(LINK to pdf)<\/a><\/h4>\n<h4 class=\"J0lOec\"><span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"fr\" data-phrase-index=\"0\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"0\">2i\u00e8me At\u00e9lier International de Ma\u00eetrise d\u2019oeuvre urbaine de Douala Document du Contexte &lt;DOUALA \u00d4 MULEMA&gt; Nov. 2016, www.ateliers.org, 75 pp., Pdf download images, historical city maps, geography, history, present;<\/span> <span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"de\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">Portraits of the neighborhoods.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><strong>ERIC REN\u00c9 DE ROSNY <\/strong><strong>: \u201cDie Augen meiner Ziege \u2013 Auf den Spuren afrikanischer Hexer und\u00a0\u00a0 Heiler\u201d<\/strong><strong>,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>in German: Edition Trickster im Peter Hammer Verlag, Wuppertal 1999<\/h4>\n<h4>REN\u00c9 BUREAU :\u00a0 \u00abLe peuple du fleuve \u2013 Sociologie d\u2019une conversion chez les Douala\u00bb, (\u00c9ditions KARHALA, Paris 1996), in particular chapter 1. &#8222;Sociology of the conversion of coastal people &#8211; The historical phases of conversion&#8220;. 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November 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=12268\">Was sind eigentlich die \u201cSapeurs\u201d im Kongo?\u00a0<\/a> <span class=\"post-date\">6. November 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=3462\">Ausgegraben: \u201cWieder eine Medizin-Dokumentation!\u201d (2015)<\/a> <span class=\"post-date\">2. November 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/?p=12221\">Begegnung mit einer h\u00f6lzernen Leopardenmaske der Edo (Bini)<\/a> <span class=\"post-date\">25. Oktober 2020<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For wider distribution,\u00a0 parts (2) and (3) of my first attempt a year ago are now available in English. I&#8217;m currently working on a sequel with additional sources and a slightly different perspective, but the earlier texts retain their introductory value. v.Graeve February 26, 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[253,206],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-douala-project-english-francais","category-translations-traductions"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12404"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13662,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12404\/revisions\/13662"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/detlev.von.graeve.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}